The measurement of distances, areas, and volumes from maps.

You’ll find detailed explanations of traditional methods—like using the night sky , compass, and azimuth for orientation—alongside cutting-edge technologies like LiDAR, aerial photogrammetry , and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) .

The book explores a fascinating distinction: for a topographer working on small scales, the Earth is treated as geometrically flat, whereas geodesy accounts for its curvature over larger areas.

Core concepts and historical context.