German consonants are classified by four main factors: the state of the vocal cords (voiced vs. voiceless), the position of the velum (oral vs. nasal), the place of articulation, and the manner of articulation. Sound Type IPA Symbols (Examples) German Word Examples [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [ɡ], [ʔ] P ass, B ad, T ag, D ach, K amm, G ut, Be ʔ achten Fricatives [f], [v], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [ç], [x], [h] F isch, W ein, S eite, S onne, Sch ule, G enie, i ch , a ch , H aus Nasals [m], [n], [ŋ] M und, N ase, Ri ng Liquids [l], [r], [ʁ] L and, R ot, Leh r er Affricates [pf], [ts], [tʃ] Pf und, Z eit, Tsch üss 3. Vowels and Diphthongs
Voiced plosives and fricatives become voiceless at the end of a word or syllable (e.g., Bad is pronounced [baːt]). 5. Advanced Transcription Systems Phonetische Transkription des Deutschen
The unstressed [ə] (as in bitt e ) and the vocalized [ɐ] (as in Wass er ). 4. Key Rules and Notations German consonants are classified by four main factors:
The GAT-TO online tutorial and the editor are helpful tools for digital transcription. Phonetische Transkription des Deutschen Sound Type IPA Symbols (Examples) German Word Examples
[aɪ] (as in Eis ), [aʊ] (as in Haus ), [ɔʏ] (as in neu ).