The | Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650

The empire began with , a tribal leader in northwest Anatolia.

used massive cannons to breach the "impregnable" walls of Constantinople. He renamed it Istanbul , turning it into a thriving cosmopolitan hub and ending the Byzantine Empire. Expansion East and South The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650

Conquered the Mamluk Sultanate (Egypt, Syria, and the Holy Cities). The empire began with , a tribal leader

(r. 1512–1520) shifted focus to the Islamic heartlands: Defeated the Safavids in Persia. The empire began with